Illustration: a redacted Cold War intelligence-dossier collage centred on a world map of influence operations, with the U.S. Capitol among the evidence.

What Americans were asked to believe, checked against the record

United States government, wartime, and domestic campaigns, with catalog images from the FRAME archive and citations named on each page.

Browse the archive Case studies About and method →

Illustration, not an archive object

From the American record

All essays in this edition

American Propaganda reads United States government, wartime, and domestic campaigns, and it links each catalog image back to the FRAME archive.

What this site is

American Propaganda is a reading of campaigns aimed at people in the United States, or run by the United States government: recruiting and bond drives, wartime information offices, election print, and the domestic programs that asked citizens to watch one another. It is a sibling of the FRAME archive at propagandaarchive.org, not a copy of it. FRAME keeps the worldwide collection and tags each object by technique. This site takes the American slice and asks a different question: what did the appeal demand of a free people, and did the demand respect the Constitution?

The perspective is pro-American, pro-Constitution, and libertarian. That is a point of view, and it is not a permission slip. Where a poster told the truth, the page says so. Where a president, a bureau, or a newspaper was wrong, the page says that too. Voluntary pledges are not the same thing as a statute that jails a speech. A declared war is not a blank check, and neither is a peacetime press office.

Where the facts come from

Catalog images stay on propagandaarchive.org. An essay about an archive object links to that page under the words "Full record at propagandaarchive.org," and it does not add a NARA identifier the archive does not print. A program page that is not an archive object says so, and it cites the government release or the study named in its source list. Quotes stay verbatim.

The prose is new. Titles, headings, and the order of sections are not FRAME's. The editorial rule, with examples, is in About and method and in STYLE.md in the project repository.

What is in this edition

This edition includes the wartime and domestic essays already on the site, US presidential campaign print, 1800–1900, Liberty Loans, the anti-Japanese propaganda hub, the anti-Nazi propaganda hub, the Office of War Information poster index, Four Freedoms posters, World War II war bonds and war stamps, U.S. Information Agency posters abroad, US and UN Command messaging in the Korean War, 1950–1953, US civil rights era messaging, civil defense and the atomic age, US Vietnam War messaging, 1954–1975, and US COVID-19 public health campaigns and messaging (2020–2022). A map and timeline filters the FRAME history map to United States items. Administration essays read the Wilson, Roosevelt, and Trump governments as a whole. What is still unwritten is listed in TODO.md.

Case studies

All case studies
Illustration: a dense, generic Cold War intelligence analyst's evidence wall of press photography, redacted reports and aerial reconnaissance imagery.United StatesThe US abortion debate: persuasion campaigns on both sides since the 1960s1969Illustration: a Cold War intelligence collage of a non-aligned-movement conference and a map spanning Latin America, Africa and Asia.United StatesThe Active Measures Working Group (1981 to 1992)1981Illustration: a Cold War intelligence collage of a non-aligned-movement conference and a map spanning Latin America, Africa and Asia.United StatesGay plague, tombstones and Silence = Death: messaging in the AIDS crisis, 1981-19901987Illustration: a pre-1914 imperial intelligence-dossier collage of colonial telegraph logs, sepia field photography and empire maps.United StatesJoin or Die to the Boston Massacre: patriot and loyalist print, 1754-17831754–1783Illustration: a dossier collage of a vintage television wall broadcasting archival news footage, surrounded by press clippings and film reels.United StatesBlack Lives Matter and Blue Lives Matter: two slogans, their campaigns, and a foreign operation that posed as bothJuly 2013Illustration: a split dossier collage contrasting a 1950s intelligence briefing room with an analog newsroom monitoring wall.United StatesThe civil rights movement and the Citizens' Councils: boycotts and marches, 'outside agitator' labels, state money and economic pressure1954Illustration: a split dossier collage contrasting a 1950s intelligence briefing room with an analog newsroom monitoring wall.United StatesCOINTELPRO: the FBI's covert media and information operations against U.S. groups, 1956-19711956Illustration: a Cold War intelligence collage of a non-aligned-movement conference and a map spanning Latin America, Africa and Asia.United StatesThe Congress for Cultural Freedom: a CIA-funded intellectuals' network, 1950-1967June 1950Illustration: a First World War field-intelligence collage of trench maps, wireless transmission logs and aerial reconnaissance photographs.United StatesThe Committee on Public Information: how the U.S. government sold the First World War at home (1917-1919)1917–1919Illustration: a dense, generic Cold War intelligence analyst's evidence wall of press photography, redacted reports and aerial reconnaissance imagery.United StatesThe Crusade for Freedom: Truth Dollars for a CIA-funded radio, 1950-1971September 4, 1950Illustration: a contemporary investigator's evidence wall of printed social-media posts, network diagrams and a pinned world map, in the same dossier style as the rest of the archive.United StatesThe DHS Disinformation Governance Board (2022)April 27, 2022Illustration: a redacted Cold War intelligence-dossier collage centred on a world map of influence operations, with the U.S. Capitol among the evidence.United StatesThe Justice Department's FARA release and public demonstrationsSeptember 16, 2026Illustration: an interwar radio-and-newsreel intelligence collage with a 1930s map of Europe and propaganda poster proofs.United StatesBetter babies, fitter families: eugenics campaigns in the US, Sweden and Germany1920Illustration: a contemporary investigator's evidence wall of printed social-media posts, network diagrams and a pinned world map, in the same dossier style as the rest of the archive.United StatesThe State Department's Global Engagement Center (2016 to 2025)March 14, 2016Illustration: a split dossier collage contrasting a 1950s intelligence briefing room with an analog newsroom monitoring wall.United StatesThe 1990-91 Gulf crisis: Iraq's 'guests' and 'linkage', and Washington's Hitler analogyAugust 23, 1990Illustration: a Cold War intelligence-briefing collage with the Kremlin, Eastern Bloc architecture and a reconnaissance map of Europe.United StatesGun rights and gun control: persuasion on both sides of the U.S. gun debate1977Illustration: a contemporary investigator's evidence wall of printed social-media posts, network diagrams and a pinned world map, in the same dossier style as the rest of the archive.United StatesHamilton 68: the Russian-influence dashboard and its secret account listAugust 2, 2017Illustration: an interwar radio-and-newsreel intelligence collage with a 1930s map of Europe and propaganda poster proofs.United StatesThe Institute for Propaganda Analysis (1937-1942)1937Illustration: a contemporary investigator's evidence wall of printed social-media posts, network diagrams and a pinned world map, in the same dossier style as the rest of the archive.United StatesHow the US and UK governments presented the case for war in Iraq, 2002-03September 24, 2002Illustration: a pre-1914 imperial intelligence-dossier collage of colonial telegraph logs, sepia field photography and empire maps.United StatesLabor organizing and anti-union campaigns in the United States, 1910-19411910Illustration: a redacted Cold War intelligence-dossier collage centred on a world map of influence operations, with the U.S. Capitol among the evidence.United StatesMAGA and the Resistance: grassroots organising for and against Trump, 2016-20212016Illustration: a Cold War intelligence-dossier collage dominated by a distressed world map with connecting routes, coordinates and highlighted regions.United StatesThe Nayirah testimony: a Kuwaiti government PR campaign at a House human rights caucusOctober 10, 1990Illustration: a Second World War naval-intelligence collage of a Pacific theatre map, aerial reconnaissance photographs and radar plots.United StatesThe Office of War Information's Domestic Branch, 1942-43June 13, 1942Illustration: a dossier collage of a vintage television wall broadcasting archival news footage, surrounded by press clippings and film reels.United StatesThe Pentagon's retired military analyst outreach programme (2002-2008)April 20, 2008Illustration: a pre-1914 imperial intelligence-dossier collage of colonial telegraph logs, sepia field photography and empire maps.United States'Benevolent assimilation': the Philippine-American War and the propaganda on every sideDecember 21, 1898Illustration: a contemporary investigator's evidence wall of printed social-media posts, network diagrams and a pinned world map, in the same dossier style as the rest of the archive.United StatesGovernment pressure on platforms and broadcasters ("jawboning"), 2020-2026October 14, 2020Illustration: an interwar radio-and-newsreel intelligence collage with a 1930s map of Europe and propaganda poster proofs.United StatesReefer Madness and the 1930s marihuana campaign1936Illustration: a Cold War intelligence-dossier collage dominated by a distressed world map with connecting routes, coordinates and highlighted regions.United StatesThe satanic panic: ritual-abuse claims in the US and UK, 1980-19941980Illustration: a First World War field-intelligence collage of trench maps, wireless transmission logs and aerial reconnaissance photographs.United StatesThe second Ku Klux Klan: selling membership as '100% Americanism'November 1915Illustration: a pre-1914 imperial intelligence-dossier collage of colonial telegraph logs, sepia field photography and empire maps.United StatesAbolitionist and pro-slavery print, 1787-18601787–1860Illustration: a pre-1914 imperial intelligence-dossier collage of colonial telegraph logs, sepia field photography and empire maps.United StatesVotes for Women and the anti-suffrage campaigns, 1908 to 19201913Illustration: a contemporary investigator's evidence wall of printed social-media posts, network diagrams and a pinned world map, in the same dossier style as the rest of the archive.United StatesThe Tea Party and Occupy Wall Street: two protest waves after the 2008 crashFebruary 19, 2009Illustration: a pre-1914 imperial intelligence-dossier collage of colonial telegraph logs, sepia field photography and empire maps.United StatesTemperance, Prohibition and the wets: the dry campaigns and their opponents, 1874 to 19331893Illustration: a Cold War intelligence collage of a non-aligned-movement conference and a map spanning Latin America, Africa and Asia.United StatesThe tobacco industry's smoking-and-health doubt campaign, 1953 to 1998December 14, 1953United StatesTokyo Rose and Iva Ikuko Toguri D'Aquino1949Illustration: an interwar radio-and-newsreel intelligence collage with a 1930s map of Europe and propaganda poster proofs.United StatesTorches of Freedom: the 1929 Easter Parade cigarette marchMarch 31, 1929Illustration: a contemporary investigator's evidence wall of printed social-media posts, network diagrams and a pinned world map, in the same dossier style as the rest of the archive.United States2004: outside-group ads on Kerry's Navy record and Bush's Guard recordAugust 5, 2004Illustration: a contemporary investigator's evidence wall of printed social-media posts, network diagrams and a pinned world map, in the same dossier style as the rest of the archive.United StatesThe steelworker ad and the welfare ads: two fact-checked attacks from the 2012 U.S. presidential raceAugust 7, 2012Illustration: a pre-1914 imperial intelligence-dossier collage of colonial telegraph logs, sepia field photography and empire maps.United StatesUnion and Confederate print, 1861-18651861–1865Illustration: a dense, generic Cold War intelligence analyst's evidence wall of press photography, redacted reports and aerial reconnaissance imagery.United StatesCrime and victim attack ads in two U.S. presidential races: Horton and the furloughs (1988), James Byrd Jr. and hate-crimes law (2000)1988Illustration: a pre-1914 imperial intelligence-dossier collage of colonial telegraph logs, sepia field photography and empire maps.United StatesThe 1800 election: "Jefferson and no God" and "squints at monarchy"1800Illustration: a split dossier collage contrasting a 1950s intelligence briefing room with an analog newsroom monitoring wall.United StatesMood over argument: "Morning in America" (Reagan-Bush 1984) and "Hope" / "Yes We Can" (Obama 2008)September 17, 1984Illustration: a Second World War naval-intelligence collage of a Pacific theatre map, aerial reconnaissance photographs and radar plots.United StatesThe U.S. Office of War Information and the Writers' War Board: a 'strategy of truth' meets the advertising menJune 13, 1942Illustration: a Cold War intelligence-briefing collage with the Kremlin, Eastern Bloc architecture and a reconnaissance map of Europe.United StatesJust Say No and the fried egg: anti-drug campaigns, 1971-20161986Illustration: a Second World War naval-intelligence collage of a Pacific theatre map, aerial reconnaissance photographs and radar plots.United StatesWhy We Fight: the U.S. Army's orientation films, 1942-19451942Illustration: a First World War field-intelligence collage of trench maps, wireless transmission logs and aerial reconnaissance photographs.United StatesWartime censorship in the First World War: Britain, Germany, France and the United StatesJuly 31, 1914Illustration: a Second World War naval-intelligence collage of a Pacific theatre map, aerial reconnaissance photographs and radar plots.United StatesWorld War II rumor clinics and rumor control (1940 to 1947)March 1, 1942Illustration: a pre-1914 imperial intelligence-dossier collage of colonial telegraph logs, sepia field photography and empire maps.United StatesRemember the Maine: the yellow press and Spain, 1895-18981895–1898